Essay on The Role of the Royal Air Force in World War II

Following the devastation of trench warfare during World War I, early airpower theorist believed strategic bombing could be the new way to win wars and reduced the number of lives lost. Theorist like, Guilio Douhet, Hugh Trenchard, and William â€Å"Billy† Mitchel became pioneers and advocates of strategic bombing. They believed striking the enemy’s troops, war-marking industry, and vital centers would produce a decisive victory. The airpower theory would be a key element to the Allies strategy in Second World War (WW2). Leaders in Britain and the United States believed Germany was a greater threat than Japan. Thus, the airpower strategy of the European theater of operation became the primary focus. Allied airpower was decisive in the European†¦show more content†¦The first priority was to attain air superiority by destroying the Germany aircraft industry and operational fighters. The second priority was to destroy the German electrical power grid, transportat ion networks, and oil industry. The third priority was to provide tactical support for the ground invasion of Europe. The Allied success in the European theater depended on achieving air superiority. They wanted their air forces to have the ability to operate anywhere without opposition. During the early stages of WW2, the air domain was contested space. Neither side had won sufficient control of the air to operate freely. The Allies primary theory was air superiority was a necessity to ensure victory. The air battles of North Africa in early 1943 provided testing, refining, and critical adaptation to reach the superiority objective. The combination of strategic and tactical air forces brought a heavy dose of airpower to bear on German and Italian forces. North Africa became the live fire-training center for AAF air doctrine. In the early stages of North Africa, â€Å"the air arm was woefully ill-prepared to fight a desert war† . However, the willingness of leadership to qui ckly adapt to new environments and enemy strategy allowed the now coalition air force to radically change the war in the Mediterranean. The air war in North Africa highlighted the gap in US air doctrine’s emphasis on exclusive strategic bombing. Tactical airpowerShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Involvement During The Second World War1100 Words   |  5 PagesSecond World War commenced in 1939 to 1945. Australia’s involvement in the Second World War was announced by Prime Minister Robert Gordon Menzies on the 3rd of September 1939. Roughly one million Australian men and women served the World War passionately guarding its allies. Australia took part in many campaigns during the Second World War in Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, South-East Asia and the Pacific regions. 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Analysis Of Life In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness

â€Å"The only journey is the one within†, said a famous poet, Rainer Maria Rilke. Life is a long journey; we learn, understand and find meaning with the experiences of this journey. A journey is full of experiences and from these experiences one changes from inside and out, and one starts to live a new life. In the book, Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, Marlow tells a tale of himself going into Africa’s wilderness to explore and humanize, and he encounters Kurtz, who Marlow considered an idol at some point. The events that occurred and the surroundings which impacted those events, influenced Marlow and Kurtz to change their representation from these experiences. One can only imagine the ways one can change but the changes itself comes†¦show more content†¦It was unearthly, and the men were--No, they were not inhuman. Well, you know, that was the worst of it -- this suspicion of their not being inhuman (58). It was Marlow’s heart of darkness which ope ned after encountering the slaves near the Congo river chained like an inhuman creature. This was the first time he questioned the white-collar’s existence in Africa. And the inhuman creatures that he believed were unearthly, now he felt sympathy for them. â€Å"They were dying slowly—it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now—nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. †¦ I found nothing else to do but to offer him one of my good Swede’s ship’s biscuits I had in my pocket† (20). The evolution of Marlow came to a significant change when he felt sympathy towards the unearthly savages, because he could see their rib cages and could observe that they were slowly dying, he offered one of them a â€Å"Swede’s ship’s biscuits†. He feels as he is one of the reasons they are mistreated and blames their current situation on himself. He also felt pity regarding the food that slaves were given to eat. The colonials considered the slaves as unearthly so they gave unearthly food to them. â€Å"Brought from all the recesses of the cost in all the legality of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient,Show MoreRelatedGender Role In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGender Role In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness For the most part people who read Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad may feel that the novella is strictly a story of exploration and racial discrimination. But to Johanna Smith who wrote â€Å"’Too Beautiful Altogether’: Ideologies of Gender and Empire in Heart of Darkness† it is much more than that. Johanna Smith along with Wallace Watson and Rita A. Bergenholtz agree that throughout Heart of Darkness there are tones of gender prejudice, but the wayRead MoreThings Fall Apart, And The Heart Of Darkness1518 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The following essay will contain a critical analysis of two passages from Things Fall Apart, and the Heart of Darkness. I will compare and contrast the narrative structure, the language used and the themes explored. Through this critical analysis, we can gain a better understanding of the two extracts, each one helping to illuminate the other. The passages I will be analysing are: Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe, Page 124 Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, Page 116-117 Narrative Structure NarrativeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Heart Of Darkness By Chinua Achebe1364 Words   |  6 Pages In Chinua Achebe’s essay, â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad s Heart of Darkness,† Achebe purports that Joseph Conrad’s short story, Heart of Darkness, should not be taught due to it’s racist caricature of Africa and African culture. In Conrad’s book, Marlow, a sea captain, is tasked with venturing into the center of the Congo, otherwise known as the Heart of Darkness, to retrieve a mentally unstable ivory trader named Kurtz. Marlow narrates his adventures with a tinge of apathy for the enslavedRead MoreEssay on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1414 Words   |  6 Pagesmight be Heart of Darkness. Heart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad tells the story of an agent named Marlow, who experiences hellish conditions and behaviors whilst trying to rescue a man named Kurtz, who turns out to be quite a handful. Throughout this journey the moral ramifications of both Kurtz and Marlow’s actions are left to be interpreted by the audience a fter Kurtz goes mad and becomes the catalyst of the events that transpire throughout the plot. Conrad uses his real life events alongRead MoreThe Distorted Images in Heart of Darkness4513 Words   |  19 PagesThe distorted images in Heart of Darkness Abstract In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad exposes the evil of the imperialism and pays sympathy to the oppressed Africans. But affected by imperialist ideology, he serves as a racist and a defender of the imperialism when he attempts to condemn the colonizers. This paper will be analyzing the distorted images in Heart of darkness from the perspective of post-colonialism and Orientalism theory. The present paper is divided into five parts: Part 1 isRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1166 Words   |  5 Pages 1 Dr. Olumide Ogundipe ENGL 103-X04 7 Dec 2016in The Use of Darkness in Heart of Darkness Everyone claims to be equal, and nowadays people are working hard to create equality regardless gender and race. Meanwhile, race and ethnicity become one of the most popular topics of modern literature. The Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad depicts a story of colonization took place in the Belgian Congo through Marlow’s perspective. In this book, theRead MoreEssay on Jungian Psychology and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness6193 Words   |  25 PagesAs the Heart of Darkness snakes its way into the savage shadows of the African continent, Joseph Conrad exposes a psycho-geography of the collective unconscious in the entangling metaphoric realities of the serpentine Congo. Conrad’s novella descends into the unknowable darkness at the heart of Africa, taking its narrator, Marlow, on an underworld journey of individuation, a modern odyssey toward the center of the Self and the center of the Earth. Ego dissolves into soul as, in the interior, MarlowRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1801 Words   |  8 PagesAlly Jones Professor Smith English 1302 November 18, 2014 Female Roles in Joseph Conrad s the Heart of Darkness: In regards to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, many literature reviews focus on the motifs of Imperialism, the symbolism of darkness and fog, or the aspect of racism in Conrad’s work. During the era which Conrad wrote, England was going through the Victorian Era, which was marked by a shift in views on morality. The term â€Å"Victorian morality† is used today to describe values whichRead MoreKing Leopold s Ghost Analysis1128 Words   |  5 PagesKing Leopold’s Ghost Analysis â€Å"The real names of our people were destroyed during slavery. The last name of my forefathers was taken from them when they were brought to America and made slaves, and then the name of the slave master was given, which we refuse; we reject that name today and refuse it. I never acknowledge it whatsoever.† In King Leopold’s Ghost talks about Leopold II ruling over the Belgium Congo territory. He forced the enslaved individuals to do horrific and exhausting tasks, andRead MoreThe Journey In â€Å"Heart Of Darkness† Spans Not Only The Capricious1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe journey in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† spans not only the capricious waters extending our physical world, but also the perplexing ocean which exists in the heart of man. Through Marlow s somewhat overenthusiastic eyes, we perceive the mystery that is humanity, and the blurred line between darkness and light. It is an expedition into the deepest crevices of the human heart and mind brin ging on an awareness, and finally descending into the abyss of hell abiding in each of us. Conrad’s use of wordplay

Fast Fashion Free Essays

string(108) " a Spanish company owned by Inedited, Ezra produce its products mainly in Spain and Portugal \(Wood 2010\)\." Introduction The clothing industry, as one of the most globalizes industries in the world (Fibonacci et al 1994), is currently undergoing a restructuring, especially the fast fashion sector. Fashion markets are synonymous with rapid changes and short product life cycles. Therefore, changes in consumer demand for newness and fashion trend force the emergence of fast fashion’ strategy in retailers like Ezra and H;M and shifts in the focus of competitive advantage from price towards quick response. We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Fashion or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is to say, clothing firms, which are adopting global or offshore sourcing strategy, are not noninsured to have more competitive advantages as before. However, the question is: should fast fashion retailers adopt quick response strategy instead of overseas sourcing strategy immediately, or adopt both strategies? In the first section, a literature review of the nature of fashion market and related arguments will be introduced. The overseas sourcing strategy and the quick response strategy will be explained with examples of existing clothing firms in the second and the third section. The fourth section will compare and contrast the advantage and disadvantages of these two strategies. Combining theoretical knowledge with empirical case studies, it is argued that companies could reach the maximum profit by adopting overseas sourcing strategy as well as quick response strategy. 1 . Literature Review Fashion retailers, such as Ezra, H;M, Benton and Marks ; Spencer have revolutionized the fashion industry by creating a concept of fast fashion’. The change in the culture of fashion from haute couture to fast fashion has attracted numerous researchers to identify and explore the nature of fast fashion market (Tokomak 2008, p. 22, Christopher et al 2004, p. 367, soul and -raccoon 2008, Tactile et al 2008). Accordingly, short life cycles, rapid prototyping and high volatility are identified as the key features of the fashion market. Compared to other industries, apparel product manufacturing has unique features, for instance, numerous SKIS (stock keeping unit) in a season, hard to estimate customers’ demand and wide range of products for basic to fashion items Non 2004). All these unique characteristics require a different approach to production sourcing, Soul and Turn-on (2008) pointed out that fast fashion retailers prefer using an opportunity-pull approach to the traditional designer-push model. By adopting the new approach, retailers could respond to the shifts in the market as quickly as possible. As a result, the more continuous production schedule (eight to twelve fashion ‘seasons’) has substituted for the traditional two to four ‘seasons’ calendar (Tactile et al 2008, p. 264, Dickens 2011, p. 316). In relation to global production networks, Dickens (2011) identified the ‘core’ of a global production network as the circuit of four basic operations, which refers to inputs, transformation, distribution and consumption. Theoretically, the quicker the production circuit flows, the higher the gross margin the company can gain. When we apply the theory into the clothing industry, the cost of production and the speed to response to changes in consumer demand are equally important. Both of them could contribute to the flow of production circuit. Since numbers of studies have elaborated the benefit of production relocation, the implementation of quick response strategy by fashion retailers has attracted the interest of researchers in recent years (Bristle et al 2003, Perry and Shoal 2000, leer and Bergen 1997). However, results of an exploratory study (Bristle et al 2003) shows that the advantages of quick response strategy have not been fully understood by fashion retailers. They tend to implement quick response strategy for internal supply chain management. Moreover, leer and Bergen (1997) tried to use formal model to examine the impact of quick response strategy on fashion retailers. Although there is companies already adopted both strategies, limited attention has been paid to the combined effect of these two strategies by researchers. Hypothesis: In an era of fast fashion, companies that adopt both global sourcing strategy and quick response strategy have better chance to succeed in the fashion looting market. 2. Cost, the most basic consideration. In order to have higher profit margin, one of the most effective ways is to cut down production costs. In view of the low labor cost in developing countries, global sourcing seems to be a good choice to reduce costs. With the development of global production networks and the increasing competition, fast all fashion clothing firms have shifted their manufacturing operations to low lost locations over the past decades. The shifts in the Shares manufacturer Levi Stratus’s global strategy could vividly demonstrate how global sourcing strategy works and affect its supply chain. At first, the company was created in the USA. As it developed and became a global company, they began to employ workers all over the world. However, in face of fierce competition, Levi Strauss started to shift its operation to lower-cost countries in the late sass. By the year 2003, Levi Strauss closed the last four plants in North American and ‘has become an entirely offshore producer’ (Dickens 2011 p. 318). The German fashion company Hugo Boss also provides similar example. In face of high production cost, namely high labor cost in domestic market, more and more fashion retailers choose to outsource their production. Moreover, some fast fashion retailers even have no manufacturing competency (Tokomak 2008). The representatives of this kind of retailers are Gap, HM and Mango. As they do not own any factories, the only way for them do produce their products is outsourcing. The success of these retailers without factories proves the feasibility of global sourcing strategy. By contrast, when most retailers were busy outsourcing their production to lower cost countries, some fast fashion retails still insist on domestic sourcing strategy, for instance, Ezra, Benton and Marks Spencer. They held the view that ‘market legibility and lean inventories may be more important than cheap labor’ (Tokomak 2008). However, could efficiency really overcome the lost in higher production cost? Maybe no one could answer this question. If we take Ezra as an example and find out where Ezra produce the products, we could develop our own view. As a Spanish company owned by Inedited, Ezra produce its products mainly in Spain and Portugal (Wood 2010). You read "Fast Fashion" in category "Fashion" Whereas their competitor found suppliers from worldwide low-cost countries, Ezra choose to produce products near its domestic market. That maximizes time efficiency. In fact, the unit labor costs in these two countries were low enough in the sass (Tokomak 2008), therefore, there is no need for Ezra to outsource its productions to other locations. It has the similar competitive advantage as other companies have, besides, by domestic sourcing and producing Just-in-time, Sara’s production cycles are much faster than its competitors. In this respect, it is better for Ezra to adopt the domestic sourcing strategy. However, recent years, the geography of Sara’s production network has become diverse. Ezra started to outsource and 34 percent of its production was carried out in Asia (Dickens 2011). Similar situation have also occurred in Benton and Marks Spencer. On one hand, the unit labor cost among European countries has increased in recent years. On the other hand, the supplier firms in countries like Turkey, India and Asia have gained the ability to meet the higher requirement of flexibility and speed. It is inevitable for fast fashion retailers sourcing from these countries. However, companies should also be aware of the potential risks and hidden cost brought by overseas sourcing. Global sourcing strategy requires close coordination of RD, manufacturing, and marketing activities on a global basis. Managing geographically separated RD, manufacturing, and marketing activities, those companies face difficult coordination problems of integrating operations and adapting them to different legal, political, and cultural environments in different countries (Daniels et al 2013). Furthermore, separation of manufacturing activities involves an inherent risk that manufacturing in the value chain will gradually becomes neglected. Such neglect can be costly as continued involvement in manufacturing tends to lead to pioneering product design and innovation over time. An effective global sourcing strategy calls for continual forts to streamline manufacturing without sacrificing marketing flexibility. 3. Time, the growing consideration. With the wide spread of fast fashion’ principle, fast fashion retailers are aware of the importance of efficiency. They notice that consumer demand is changing more rapidly and customers more discerning about quality and choice. Although a substantial cost advantage can be gained by adopting overseas sourcing strategy, it cannot compress time in the supply system. To solve this problem, companies tend to choose the quick response strategy, which focuses on providing shorter lead times. According to Bristle et al (2003), quick response strategy was first developed as a result of the need to compete with offshore manufacturers in the USA. The quick response strategy emphasizes on flexibility and product velocity and relies on a measure of trust in sharing information (Barnes and Lea-Greenwood 2006 p. 63). In addition, while maximizing the diversity of products, quick response could minimize lead-times, expenditure, cost and stock of inventory. Quick response is not merely about reducing lead-time by the use of domestic or nearby sourcing strategy, it also involves the ability to gather latest information and use real-time data to understand the needs of the consumers. To some extent, quick response help to sho rten the product cycle times and decrease risks and inventories at each stage of manufacturing and retailing operations. The Spanish Ezra, as mentioned before, is ‘an excellent example of a vertically integrated retailer using quick response methods’ (Bristle et al 2003). Despite successful application of the concept â€Å"fast fashion† in H;M and Top Shop, Ezra utilizes the â€Å"fast fashion† strategy in all aspects dominant, fast fashion in Ezra meaner, within only two weeks from concept to sales faster than any other company. Unlike most of its competitors, Ezra still produces most of the products in Spain and Portugal and only outsource basic items in lower cost countries. By adopting quick response strategy, Ezra focused on creating a short, flexible, tight and innovative supply chain and tried to balance the higher labor cost by shorter (3-6 weeks) lead times. As a result, Sara’s short deliveries have made it ‘as much as 12 times faster than the competition’ (Newsweek 2001, p. 36, cited in Tokomak 2008, p. 30). Ezra launches almost 11000 new products in a year, which meaner the update speed is about two or three times a week. In 2005, sales grew by 21 percent over the prior fiscal year in Ezra, which makes Inedited ahead of HM for the first time (Daniel et al 2013). The good result indicates that domestic sourcing still works as long as the company finds out a way to compensate for the losses in production cost. Having witnessed the successful experience of Ezra, competitors started to follow the lead of Ezra. For instance, Benton now replenishes stores once a week, Forever 21 Inc. And Unique are able to get new products in store thin 6 weeks (Ordered and Johnson 2008). Another example that worth to be mentioned is the Next brand in the ELK. Base on the quick response strategy, the company uses a limited edition approach to accelerate the update speed. Moreover, in order to respond to the changes in demand as soon as possible, next has even purchased part of a multi-national clothing supplier to enable constantly changing ranges by reducing lead time (Bristle et al 2003). As we can learn from the case studies, time becomes a priority consideration in the fashion market. The adoption of quick response method should be able to make manufacturer to ‘adjust the reduction of different styles, colors and sizes in response to retail sales during the season’ (Seen 2007). 4. Comparison between overseas sourcing strategy and quick response strategy One of the biggest differences is that overseas sourcing strategy uses cost as a competitive weapon while quick response strategy uses time. As we known, both cost and time are the keys for retailers to gain more market share and profit; The dilemma for fast fashion companies is: Whether fashion retailers should outsource production overseas for lower production cost or keep manufacturing nearby to facilitate speed. As highlighted earlier, the fashion market is volatile and unpredictable. Quick response strategy emerges in such an environment. Compared to overseas sourcing strategy, which faces long transport times and difficulty in controlling over production, quick response strategy enables retailers to cope with uncertainty or changes in the fashion market. On the other hand, although domestic sourcing provides companies from paying for higher logistic cost and other hidden costs, offshore sourcing secures lower cost inputs, (Christopher et al 2004). It is argued that fast fashion companies need to adopt strategies that optimally mix overseas sourcing ND quick response to win the market. The changes occurred in Marks Spencer over these years could help us understand the advantages and disadvantages of both strategies. As a major British retailer, it chooses to use local suppliers for decades. However, in face of the downward pressure on price, it abandoned its domestic sourcing strategy and started to relocate production overseas (Christopher et al 2006). Accordingly, the average hourly labor cost in the I-J is nine times higher than in Morocco and even nineteen times higher than in China, Pakistan and Indonesia. After adopting oversea suppliers, Marks Spencer on noticed that they overlooked the related problems, such as the cost of transportation, the need to forecast styles, colors and volumes in advance and the risk of stock inventory. Facing the challenge of adopting global sourcing, Marks Spencer tend to use â€Å"dual supply chains†. By combing global sourcing strategy and quick response strategy, â€Å"fashionable items† are manufactured in locations with a journey time no more than four days. For â€Å"basic items†, for which demand is easier to be predicted, Marks Spencer continue producing them in lower cost locations (Christopher et al 2006). Likewise, Ezra has also adopted both strategies for its supply chain. Today, price is no longer the determined factor that concerned by customers. Many companies consider not simply price but also quality, reliability, and technology of components and products to be procured. These companies design their sourcing decision on the basis of the interplay between their competitive advantages and the comparative advantages of various sourcing locations for long-term gains. By contrast, they care more about the quality, design and the level of popularity. Therefore, companies have to find the balance between cost and time. If fast fashion tillers make good use of these two strategies, like MS and Ezra did, the negative effect could be covered to a large extent. Conclusion Volatile markets, short product lifestyles and high product variety are the characteristics of today are clothing industry. This essay mainly discusses the adoption of two common strategies- global sourcing strategy and quick response strategy, in fast fashion clothing sector. Although most companies already have chosen outsourcing strategy to maintain the competitive advantage, the nature of today’s fashion market forces companies to consider the importance of speed and flexibility. The analysis of both strategies with the help of real companies’ experience shows that both of them have positive and negative effects on fast fashion retailers. However, overseas sourcing strategy and quick response strategy are not mutually exclusive. In practice, the successful examples of MS and Ezra have proved the feasibility of combing global sourcing with quick response strategy. How to cite Fast Fashion, Essays

The Happiest Moment of My Life free essay sample

Signalprocessing Principles of Communication $ †¢ The communication process: Sources of information, communication channels, modulation process, and communication networks †¢ Representation of signals and systems: Signals, Continuous Fourier transform, Sampling theorem, sequences, z-transform, convolution and correlation. †¢ Stochastic processes: Probability theory, random processes, power spectral density, Gaussian process. †¢ Modulation and encoding: % Basic modulation techniques and binary data transmission:AM, FM, Pulse Modulation, PCM, DPCM, Delta Modulation †¢ Information theory: Information, entropy, source coding theorem, mutual information, channel coding theorem, channel capacity, rate-distortion theory. †¢ Error control coding: linear bloc codes, cyclic codes, convolution codes $ % $ Course Material 1. Text: Simon Haykin, Communication systems, 4th edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc (2001) 2. References (a) B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communcations Systems, Oxford University Press (1998) (b) Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer, Discrete-Time signal processing, Prentice-Hall of India (1989) (c) Andrew Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall(1998). (d) Simon Haykin, †Digital Communication Systems,† John Wiley Sons, Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on The Happiest Moment of My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page % *Duration:* 14 Weeks Course Schedule $ Week 1:* Source of information; communication channels, modulation process and Communication Networks †¢ Week 2-3:* Signals, Continuous Fourier transform, Sampling theorem †¢ Week 4-5:* sequences, z-transform, convolution, correlation †¢ Week 6:* Probability theory basics of probability theory, random processes †¢ Week 7:* Power spectral density, Gaussian process †¢ Week 8:* Modulation: amplitude, phase and frequency †¢ Week 9:* Encoding of binary data, NRZ, NRZI, Manchester, 4B/5B % $ Week 10:* Characteristics of a link, half-duplex, full-duplex, Time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing †¢ Week 11:* Information, entropy, source coding theorem, mutual information †¢ Week 12:* channel coding theorem, channel capacity, rate-distortion theory †¢ Week 13:* Coding: linear block codes, cyclic codes, convolution codes †¢ Week 14:* Revision % Overview of the Course $ Target A udience: Computer Science Undergraduates who have not taken any course on Communication †¢ Communication between a source and a destination requires a channel. A signal (voice/video/facsimile) is transmitted on a channel: Basics of Signals and Systems – This requires a basic understanding of signals ? Representation of signals – Each signal transmitted is characterised by power. – The power required by a signal is best understood by frequency characteristics or bandwidth of the signal: ? Representation of the signal in the frequency domain Continuous Fourier transform % – A signal trasmitted can be either analog or digital ? A signal is converted to a digital signal by ? st discretising the signal Sampling theorem Discrete-time Fourier transform ? Frequency domain interpretation of the signal is easier in terms of the Z-transform ? Signals are modi? ed by Communication media, the communication media are characterised as Systems ? The output to input relationship is characterised by a Transfer Function $ †¢ Signal in communcation are characterised by Random variables – Basics of Probability – Random Variables and Random Processes – Expectation, Autocorrelation, Autocovariance, Power Spectral Density % Analog Modulation Schemes – AM, DSB-SC, SSB-SC, VSB-SC, SSB+C, VSB+C – Frequency Division Muliplexing – Power required in each of the above $ †¢ Digital Modulation Schemes – PAM, PPM, PDM (just mention last two) – Quantisation – PCM, DPCM, DM – Encoding of bits: NRZ, NRZI, Manchester – Power required for each of the en coding schemes †¢ Information Theory – Uncertainty, Entropy, Information – Mutual information, Di? erential entropy – Shannon’s source and channel coding theorems % $ – Shannon’s information capacity theorem Analysis of Gaussian channels †¢ Coding – Repetition code – Hamming codes – Error detection codes: CRC %

Paradise Lost free essay sample

A discussion of Eve as a femme fatale in John Miltons Paradise Lost. (more)

Comparison Between Mitosis and Meiosis Processes

Comparison Between Mitosis and Meiosis Processes Mitosis (along with the step of cytokinesis) is the process of how a eukaryotic somatic cell, or body cell, divides into two identical diploid cells. Meiosis is a different type of cell division that begins with one cell that has the proper number of chromosomes and ends with four cells- haploid cells- that have half the normal number of chromosomes. In a human, almost all cells undergo mitosis. The only human cells that are made by meiosis are gametes, or sex cells: the egg or ovum for females and the sperm for males. Gametes have only half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell because when gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting cell, called a zygote, then has the correct number of chromosomes. This is why offspring are a mixture of genetics from the mother and the father- the fathers gamete carries half the chromosomes and the mothers gamete carries the other half- and why there is so much genetic diversity, even within families. Although mitosis and meiosis have very different results, the processes are similar, with just a few changes within the stages of each. Both processes start out after a cell goes through interphase and copies its DNA exactly in the synthesis phase, or S phase. At this point, each chromosome is made up of sister chromatids held together by a centromere. The sister chromatids are identical to each other. During mitosis, the cell undergoes the mitotic phase, or M phase, only once, ending with two identical diploid cells. In meiosis, there are two rounds of the M phase, resulting in four haploid cells that arent identical. Stages of Mitosis and Meiosis There are four stages of mitosis and eight stages in meiosis. Since meiosis undergoes two rounds of splitting, it is divided into meiosis I and meiosis II. Each stage of mitosis and meiosis has many changes going on in the cell, but very similar, if not identical, important events mark that stage. Comparing mitosis and meiosis is fairly easy if these important events are taken into account: Prophase The first stage is called prophase in mitosis and prophase I or prophase II in meiosis I and meiosis II. During prophase, the nucleus is getting ready to divide. This means the nuclear envelope has to disappear and the chromosomes start to condense. Also, the spindle starts to form within the centriole of the cell that will help with the division of chromosomes during a later stage. These things all happen in mitotic prophase, prophase I and usually in prophase II. Sometimes there is no nuclear envelope at the beginning of prophase II and most of the time the chromosomes are already condensed from meiosis I. There are a couple of differences between mitotic prophase and prophase I. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes come together. Every chromosome has a matching chromosome that carries the same genes and is usually the same size and shape. Those pairs are called homologous pairs of chromosomes. One homologous chromosome came from the individuals father and the other came from the individuals mother. During prophase I, these homologous chromosomes pair up and sometimes intertwine. A process called crossing over can happen during prophase I. This is when homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange genetic material. Actual pieces of one of the sister chromatids break off and reattach to the other homolog. The purpose of crossing over is to further increase genetic diversity, since alleles for those genes are now on different chromosomes and can be placed into different gametes at the end of meiosis II. Metaphase In metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the equator, or middle, of the cell, and the newly formed spindle attaches to those chromosomes to prepare for pulling them apart. In mitotic metaphase and metaphase II, the spindles attach to each side of the centromeres holding the sister chromatids together. However, in metaphase I, the spindle attaches to the different homologous chromosomes at the centromere. Therefore, in mitotic metaphase and metaphase II, the spindles from each side of the cell are connected to the same chromosome. In metaphase, I, only one spindle from one side of the cell is connected to a whole chromosome. The spindles from opposite sides of the cell are attached to different homologous chromosomes. This attachment and setup is essential for the next stage. There is a checkpoint at that time to make sure it was done correctly. Anaphase Anaphase is the stage in which the physical splitting occurs. In mitotic anaphase and anaphase II, the sister chromatids are pulled apart and moved to opposite sides of the cell by the retraction and shortening of the spindle. Since the spindles attached at the centromere on both sides of the same chromosome during metaphase, it essentially rips apart the chromosome into two individual chromatids. Mitotic anaphase pulls apart the identical sister chromatids, so identical genetics will be in each cell. In anaphase I, the sister chromatids are most likely not identical copies since they probably underwent crossing over during prophase I. In anaphase I, the sister chromatids stay together, but the homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart and taken to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase The final stage is called telophase. In mitotic telophase and telophase II, most of what was done during prophase will be undone. The spindle begins to break down and disappear, a nuclear envelope begins to reappear, chromosomes start to unravel, and the cell prepares to split during cytokinesis. At this point, mitotic telophase will go into cytokinesis that will create two identical diploid cells. Telophase II has already gone one division at the end of meiosis I, so it will go into cytokinesis to make a total of four haploid cells. Telophase I may or may not see these same sorts of things happening, depending on the cell type. The spindle will break down, but the nuclear envelope may not reappear and the chromosomes may stay tightly wound. Also, some cells will go straight into prophase II instead of splitting into two cells during a round of cytokinesis. Mitosis and Meiosis in Evolution Most of the time, mutations in the DNA of somatic cells that undergo mitosis will not be passed down to the offspring and therefore are not applicable to natural selection and do not contribute to the evolution of the species. However, mistakes in meiosis and the random mixing of genes and chromosomes throughout the process contribute to genetic diversity and drive evolution. Crossing over creates a new combination of genes that may code for a favorable adaptation. The independent assortment of chromosomes during metaphase I also leads to genetic diversity. It is random how homologous chromosome pairs line up during that stage, so the mixing and matching of traits have many choices and contribute to the diversity. Finally, random fertilization also can increase genetic diversity. Since there are ideally four genetically different gametes at the end of meiosis II, which one is actually used during fertilization is random. As the available traits are mixed up and passed down, natural selection works on those and chooses the most favorable adaptations as the preferred phenotypes of individuals.

Ethical Care & Nursing as a Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Care & Nursing as a Profession - Essay Example At times, whistle blowing is an approach that helps in enhancing service provision. For instance, in nursing organizations, the elderly are mistreated, since they do not have complications that are solved through medication. Since the nurses have to engage the elderly with profound care and maintenance, they feel that they spend a lot of time with the elderly than other patients. Similarly, they have to attend to the senior citizens with patience and humility. As a result, the elderly are neglected, with little attention being given. In many situations, the elderly are not in a position to expound on their predicaments, since they fear adverse conditions. Whistle blowing in the nursing unit instigated a solution to the problem, since the situation was escalating (Kelly, 2010). The staff had to respond to the call, as stringent measures would be taken to the perpetrators. In fact, the whistle blowing incident was appropriate, as it instilled decorum in the nursing profession.   Ther efore, the whistle blowing was timely, as it ensured the senior citizens are treated with care and love, irrespective of their age and situation.Previously, malpractice has occasionally been cited, due to limited education and experience. For instance, surgeons have to be experienced and well educated to start practicing in the profession. However, when the surgeons do not have the required knowledge and skills, they may be prone to mistakes in ensuring the services provided in the profession are of high quality.